execute a command as another user

-p prompt   The -p (prompt) option allows you to override the default password prompt and use a custom
            one.  The following percent (`%') escapes are supported by the sudoers policy:

-C fd       Normally, sudo will close all open file descriptors other than standard input, standard
            output and standard error.  The -C (close from) option allows the user to specify a starting
            point above the standard error (file descriptor three).  Values less than three are not
            permitted.  The security policy may restrict the user's ability to use the -C option.  The
            sudoers policy only permits use of the -C option when the administrator has enabled the
            closefrom_override option.

-v          When given the -v (validate) option, sudo will update the user's cached credentials,
            authenticating the user's password if necessary.  For the sudoers plugin, this extends the
            sudo timeout for another 15 minutes (or whatever the timeout is set to in sudoers) but does
            not run a command.  Not all security policies support cached credentials.