list directory contents
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-a Write out all directory entries, including those whose names begin with a period ( '.' ). Entries
beginning with a period shall not be written out unless explicitly referenced, the -a option is
supplied, or an implementation-defined condition shall cause them to be written.
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-l (The letter ell.) Do not follow symbolic links named as operands unless the -H or -L options are
specified. Write out in long format (see the STDOUT section). When -l (ell) is specified, -1 (one)
shall be assumed.
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-d Do not follow symbolic links named as operands unless the -H or -L options are specified. Do not
treat directories differently than other types of files. The use of -d with -R produces
unspecified results.
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Commands separated by a ; are executed sequentially; the shell waits for each command to terminate in turn. The
return status is the exit status of the last command executed.
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execute a command as another user
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change file mode bits
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The format of a symbolic mode is [ugoa...][[+-=][perms...]...], where perms is either zero or more
letters from the set rwxXst, or a single letter from the set ugo. Multiple symbolic modes can be given,
separated by commas.
Change the mode of each FILE to MODE.
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