execute a command as another user

-A          Normally, if sudo requires a password, it will read it from the user's terminal.  If the -A
            (askpass) option is specified, a (possibly graphical) helper program is executed to read the
            user's password and output the password to the standard output.  If the SUDO_ASKPASS
            environment variable is set, it specifies the path to the helper program.  Otherwise, if
            /etc/sudo.conf contains a line specifying the askpass program, that value will be used.  For
            example:

                # Path to askpass helper program
                Path askpass /usr/X11R6/bin/ssh-askpass

            If no askpass program is available, sudo will exit with an error.

-n          The -n (non-interactive) option prevents sudo from prompting the user for a password.  If a
            password is required for the command to run, sudo will display an error messages and exit.

-v          When given the -v (validate) option, sudo will update the user's cached credentials,
            authenticating the user's password if necessary.  For the sudoers plugin, this extends the
            sudo timeout for another 15 minutes (or whatever the timeout is set to in sudoers) but does
            not run a command.  Not all security policies support cached credentials.