lsof(8) - list open files
-? -h    These  two equivalent options select a usage (help) output list.  Lsof displays a shortened form
         of this output when it detects an error in the options supplied to it, after  it  has  displayed
         messages explaining each error.  (Escape the `?' character as your shell requires.)
-a       This option causes list selection options to be ANDed, as described above.
-A A     This  option is available on systems configured for AFS whose AFS kernel code is implemented via
         dynamic modules.  It allows the lsof user to specify A as an alternate name list file where  the
         kernel addresses of the dynamic modules might be found.  See the lsof FAQ (The FAQ section gives
         its location.)  for more information about dynamic modules, their symbols, and how  they  affect
         lsof.
-b       This  option causes lsof to avoid kernel functions that might block - lstat(2), readlink(2), and
         stat(2).

         See the BLOCKS AND TIMEOUTS and AVOIDING KERNEL BLOCKS sections for information  on  using  this
         option.
-c c     This  option  selects  the listing of files for processes executing the command that begins with
         the characters of c.  Multiple commands may be specified, using multiple -c options.   They  are
         joined in a single ORed set before participating in AND option selection.

                If c begins with a '^', then the following characters specify a command name whose processes are
                to be ignored (excluded.)

                If c begins and ends with a slash ('/'), the characters between the slashes are interpreted as a
                regular  expression.   Shell meta-characters in the regular expression must be quoted to prevent
                their interpretation by the shell.  The closing slash may be followed by these modifiers:

                     b    the regular expression is a basic one.
                     i    ignore the case of letters.
                     x    the regular expression is an extended one
                          (default).

                See the lsof FAQ (The FAQ section gives its  location.)   for  more  information  on  basic  and
                extended regular expressions.

                The  simple  command  specification  is  tested  first.  If that test fails, the command regular
                expression is applied.  If the simple command test succeeds, the command regular expression test
                isn't  made.   This may result in ``no command found for regex:'' messages when lsof's -V option
                is specified.
+c w     This option defines the maximum number of initial characters of the name, supplied by  the  UNIX
         dialect,  of  the  UNIX  command  associated with a process to be printed in the COMMAND column.
         (The lsof default is nine.)

         Note that many UNIX dialects do not supply all command name characters to lsof in the files  and
         structures  from which lsof obtains command name.  Often dialects limit the number of characters
         supplied in those sources.  For example, Linux 2.4.27 and Solaris  9  both  limit  command  name
         length to 16 characters.

         If w is zero ('0'), all command characters supplied to lsof by the UNIX dialect will be printed.

         If w is less than the length of the column title, ``COMMAND'', it will be raised to that length.
-C       This  option  disables  the  reporting of any path name components from the kernel's name cache.
         See the KERNEL NAME CACHE section for more information.
+d s     This option causes lsof to search for all open instances  of  directory  s  and  the  files  and
         directories  it  contains  at  its  top level.  This option does NOT descend the directory tree,
         rooted at s.  The +D D option may be used to  request  a  full-descent  directory  tree  search,
         rooted at directory D.

         Processing  of  the  +d  option  does  not follow symbolic links within s unless the -x or -x  l
         option is also specified.  Nor does it search for open files on  file  system  mount  points  on
         subdirectories of s unless the -x or -x  f option is also specified.

         Note:  the  authority  of the user of this option limits it to searching for files that the user
         has permission to examine with the system stat(2) function.
-d s     This option specifies a list of file descriptors (FDs) to exclude from or include in the  output
         listing.   The  file descriptors are specified in the comma-separated set s - e.g., ``cwd,1,3'',
         ``^6,^2''.  (There should be no spaces in the set.)

                The list is an exclusion list if all entries of the set begin with '^'.  It is an inclusion list
                if no entry begins with '^'.  Mixed lists are not permitted.

                A  file  descriptor  number  range  may  be  in the set as long as neither member is empty, both
                members are numbers, and the ending member is larger than the starting one -  e.g.,  ``0-7''  or
                ``3-10''.   Ranges  may  be specified for exclusion if they have the '^' prefix - e.g., ``^0-7''
                excludes all file descriptors 0 through 7.

                Multiple file descriptor numbers are joined in a single ORed set  before  participating  in  AND
                option selection.

                When there are exclusion and inclusion members in the set, lsof reports them as errors and exits
                with a non-zero return code.

                See the description of File Descriptor (FD)  output  values  in  the  OUTPUT  section  for  more
                information on file descriptor names.
+D D     This  option  causes  lsof to search for all open instances of directory D and all the files and
         directories it contains to its complete depth.

         Processing of the +D option does not follow symbolic links within D  unless  the  -x  or  -x   l
         option  is  also  specified.   Nor  does it search for open files on file system mount points on
         subdirectories of D unless the -x or -x  f option is also specified.

         Note: the authority of the user of this option limits it to searching for files  that  the  user
         has permission to examine with the system stat(2) function.

         Further  note:  lsof may process this option slowly and require a large amount of dynamic memory
         to do it.  This is because it must descend the entire  directory  tree,  rooted  at  D,  calling
         stat(2)  for  each  file and directory, building a list of all the files it finds, and searching
         that list for a match with every open file.  When directory D is large, these steps can  take  a
         long time, so use this option prudently.
-D D     This  option  directs  lsof's use of the device cache file.  The use of this option is sometimes
         restricted.  See the DEVICE CACHE FILE  section  and  the  sections  that  follow  it  for  more
         information on this option.

-D  must  be  followed by a function letter; the function letter may optionally be followed by a
path name.  Lsof recognizes these function letters:

                     ? - report device cache file paths
                     b - build the device cache file
                     i - ignore the device cache file
                     r - read the device cache file
                     u - read and update the device cache file

                The b, r, and u functions, accompanied by a path name, are  sometimes  restricted.   When  these
                functions  are  restricted,  they  will  not  appear  in  the  description of the -D option that
                accompanies -h or -?  option output.  See the DEVICE CACHE FILE section and  the  sections  that
                follow it for more information on these functions and when they're restricted.

                The  ?   function  reports  the read-only and write paths that lsof can use for the device cache
                file, the names of any environment variables whose values lsof will  examine  when  forming  the
                device cache file path, and the format for the personal device cache file path.  (Escape the `?'
                character as your shell requires.)

                When available, the b, r, and u functions may be followed by the device cache file's path.   The
                standard default is .lsof_hostname in the home directory of the real user ID that executes lsof,
                but this could have been changed when lsof was configured and compiled.  (The output of  the  -h
                and  -?   options  show the current default prefix - e.g., ``.lsof''.)  The suffix, hostname, is
                the first component of the host's name returned by gethostname(2).

                When available, the b function directs lsof to build a new device cache file at the  default  or
                specified path.

                The  i  function directs lsof to ignore the default device cache file and obtain its information
                about devices via direct calls to the kernel.

                The r function directs lsof to read the device cache at  the  default  or  specified  path,  but
                prevents  it  from  creating  a  new  device  cache file when none exists or the existing one is
                improperly structured.  The r function, when specified without a path name, prevents  lsof  from
                updating  an incorrect or outdated device cache file, or creating a new one in its place.  The r
                function is always available when it is specified without  a  path  name  argument;  it  may  be
                restricted by the permissions of the lsof process.

                When  available,  the  u  function  directs lsof to read the device cache file at the default or
                specified path, if possible, and to rebuild it, if necessary.  This is the default device  cache
                file function when no -D option has been specified.
+|-f [cfgGn]
         f  by itself clarifies how path name arguments are to be interpreted.  When followed by c, f, g,
         G, or n in any combination it specifies that the listing of kernel file structure information is
         to be enabled (`+') or inhibited (`-').

         Normally  a  path  name  argument  is  taken to be a file system name if it matches a mounted-on
         directory name reported by mount(8), or if it represents a block  device,  named  in  the  mount
         output  and  associated  with  a  mounted  directory  name.  When +f is specified, all path name
         arguments will be taken to be file system names, and lsof will complain if any  are  not.   This
         can  be useful, for example, when the file system name (mounted-on device) isn't a block device.
         This happens for some CD-ROM file systems.

         When -f is specified by itself, all path name arguments will be taken to be simple files.  Thus,
         for  example,  the  ``-f --  /''  arguments direct lsof to search for open files with a `/' path
         name, not all open files in the `/' (root) file system.

         Be careful to make sure +f and -f are properly terminated and aren't  followed  by  a  character
         (e.g.,  of  the  file or file system name) that might be taken as a parameter.  For example, use
         ``--'' after +f and -f as in these examples.

              $ lsof +f -- /file/system/name
              $ lsof -f -- /file/name

         The listing of information from kernel file structures, requested with  the  +f  [cfgGn]  option
         form,  is  normally  inhibited,  and is not available in whole or part for some dialects - e.g.,
         /proc-based Linux kernels below 2.6.22.  When the prefix to  f  is  a  plus  sign  (`+'),  these
         characters request file structure information:

              c    file structure use count (not Linux)
              f    file structure address (not Linux)
              g    file flag abbreviations (Linux 2.6.22 and up)
              G    file flags in hexadecimal (Linux 2.6.22 and up)
              n    file structure node address (not Linux)

         When the prefix is minus (`-') the same characters disable the listing of the indicated values.

         File  structure  addresses,  use  counts,  flags,  and node addresses may be used to detect more
         readily identical files inherited by child processes and identical files  in  use  by  different
         processes.   Lsof column output can be sorted by output columns holding the values and listed to
         identify identical file use, or lsof field output can be parsed by an AWK  or  Perl  post-filter
         script, or by a C program.
-F f     This  option  specifies a character list, f, that selects the fields to be output for processing
         by another program, and the character that terminates each  output  field.   Each  field  to  be
         output  is specified with a single character in f.  The field terminator defaults to NL, but may
         be changed to NUL (000).  See the OUTPUT FOR OTHER PROGRAMS section for  a  description  of  the
         field identification characters and the field output process.

                When  the  field selection character list is empty, all standard fields are selected (except the
                raw device field, security context and zone field for compatibility reasons) and  the  NL  field
                terminator is used.

                When  the  field  selection  character  list contains only a zero (`0'), all fields are selected
                (except the raw device field for compatibility reasons) and  the  NUL  terminator  character  is
                used.

                Other  combinations  of  fields and their associated field terminator character must be set with
                explicit entries in f, as described in the OUTPUT FOR OTHER PROGRAMS section.

                When a field selection character identifies an item lsof does not normally list  -  e.g.,  PPID,
                selected  with  -R  -  specification  of  the field character - e.g., ``-FR'' - also selects the
                listing of the item.

                When the field selection character list contains the single character `?', lsof will  display  a
                help  list  of  the  field  identification  characters.  (Escape the `?' character as your shell
                requires.)
-g [s]   This option excludes or selects the listing of files for the processes  whose  optional  process
         group  IDentification  (PGID)  numbers  are  in  the  comma-separated  set  s - e.g., ``123'' or
         ``123,^456''.  (There should be no spaces in the set.)

         PGID numbers that begin with `^' (negation) represent exclusions.

         Multiple PGID numbers are joined in a  single  ORed  set  before  participating  in  AND  option
         selection.   However, PGID exclusions are applied without ORing or ANDing and take effect before
         other selection criteria are applied.

         The -g option also enables the output display of PGID numbers.  When specified  without  a  PGID
         set that's all it does.
-i [i]   This  option  selects  the  listing  of  files any of whose Internet address matches the address
         specified in i.  If no address is specified, this option selects the listing of all Internet and
         x.25 (HP-UX) network files.

                If  -i4  or  -i6 is specified with no following address, only files of the indicated IP version,
                IPv4 or IPv6, are displayed.  (An IPv6 specification may be used only if the  dialects  supports
                IPv6,  as  indicated  by  ``[46]''  and  ``IPv[46]''  in lsof's -h or -?  output.)  Sequentially
                specifying -i4, followed by -i6 is the same as specifying -i, and vice-versa.   Specifying  -i4,
                or -i6 after -i is the same as specifying -i4 or -i6 by itself.

                Multiple  addresses  (up  to a limit of 100) may be specified with multiple -i options.  (A port
                number or service name range is counted as one address.)  They are joined in a single  ORed  set
                before participating in AND option selection.

                An Internet address is specified in the form (Items in square brackets are optional.):

                [46][protocol][@hostname|hostaddr][:service|port]

                where:
                     46 specifies the IP version, IPv4 or IPv6
                          that applies to the following address.
                          '6' may be be specified only if the UNIX
                          dialect supports IPv6.  If neither '4' nor
                          '6' is specified, the following address
                          applies to all IP versions.
                     protocol is a protocol name - TCP, UDP
                     hostname is an Internet host name.  Unless a
                          specific IP version is specified, open
                          network files associated with host names
                          of all versions will be selected.
                     hostaddr is a numeric Internet IPv4 address in
                          dot form; or an IPv6 numeric address in
                          colon form, enclosed in brackets, if the
                          UNIX dialect supports IPv6.  When an IP
                          version is selected, only its numeric
                          addresses may be specified.
                     service is an /etc/services name - e.g., smtp -
                          or a list of them.
                     port is a port number, or a list of them.

                IPv6 options may be used only if the UNIX dialect supports IPv6.  To see if the dialect supports
                IPv6, run lsof and specify the -h or -?  (help) option.  If the displayed description of the  -i
                option contains ``[46]'' and ``IPv[46]'', IPv6 is supported.

                IPv4  host names and addresses may not be specified if network file selection is limited to IPv6
                with -i 6.  IPv6 host names and addresses may not be specified  if  network  file  selection  is
                limited  to  IPv4  with  -i  4.   When  an open IPv4 network file's address is mapped in an IPv6
                address, the open file's type will be IPv6, not IPv4, and its display will be selected  by  '6',
                not '4'.

                At  least  one address component - 4, 6, protocol, ,IR hostname , hostaddr, or service - must be
                supplied.  The `@' character, leading the host specification, is always required; as is the `:',
                leading  the  port  specification.  Specify either hostname or hostaddr.  Specify either service
                name list or port number list.  If a service name list is specified, the protocol may also  need
                to  be  specified  if  the TCP, UDP and UDPLITE port numbers for the service name are different.
                Use any case - lower or upper - for protocol.

                Service names and port numbers may be combined in a list whose entries are separated  by  commas
                and  whose numeric range entries are separated by minus signs.  There may be no embedded spaces,
                and all service names must belong to the specified protocol.  Since service  names  may  contain
                embedded  minus  signs,  the starting entry of a range can't be a service name; it can be a port
                number, however.

                Here are some sample addresses:

-i6 - IPv6 only
TCP:25 - TCP and port 25
@1.2.3.4 - Internet IPv4 host address 1.2.3.4
@[3ffe:1ebc::1]:1234 - Internet IPv6 host address
     3ffe:1ebc::1, port 1234
UDP:who - UDP who service port
TCP@lsof.itap:513 - TCP, port 513 and host name lsof.itap
tcp@foo:1-10,smtp,99 - TCP, ports 1 through 10,
     service name smtp, port 99, host name foo
tcp@bar:1-smtp - TCP, ports 1 through smtp, host bar
:time - either TCP, UDP or UDPLITE time service port
-k k     This option specifies a kernel name list file, k, in place of /vmunix, /mach, etc.  This  option
         is not available under AIX on the IBM RISC/System 6000.
-l       This  option  inhibits the conversion of user ID numbers to login names.  It is also useful when
         login name lookup is working improperly or slowly.
+|-L [l] This option enables (`+') or disables (`-') the listing of file  link  counts,  where  they  are
         available - e.g., they aren't available for sockets, or most FIFOs and pipes.

         When  +L  is  specified  without a following number, all link counts will be listed.  When -L is
         specified (the default), no link counts will be listed.

         When +L is followed by a number, only files having a link count less than that  number  will  be
         listed.   (No number may follow -L.)  A specification of the form ``+L1'' will select open files
         that have been unlinked.   A  specification  of  the  form  ``+aL1 <file_system>''  will  select
         unlinked open files on the specified file system.

         For other link count comparisons, use field output (-F) and a post-processing script or program.
+|-m m   This  option  specifies  an  alternate  kernel  memory  file or activates mount table supplement
         processing.

         The option form -m m specifies a kernel memory file, m, in place  of  /dev/kmem  or  /dev/mem  -
         e.g., a crash dump file.

         The option form +m requests that a mount supplement file be written to the standard output file.
         All other options are silently ignored.

         There will be a line in the mount supplement file for each mounted file system,  containing  the
         mounted  file  system  directory,  followed  by a single space, followed by the device number in
         hexadecimal "0x" format - e.g.,

              / 0x801

         Lsof can use the mount supplement file to get device numbers for file systems when it can't  get
         them via stat(2) or lstat(2).

         The option form +m m identifies m as a mount supplement file.

         Note: the +m and +m m options are not available for all supported dialects.  Check the output of
         lsof's -h or -?  options to see if the +m and +m m options are available.
+|-M     Enables (+) or disables (-) the reporting of portmapper registrations for  local  TCP,  UDP  and
         UDPLITE  ports.   The  default reporting mode is set by the lsof builder with the HASPMAPENABLED
         #define in the dialect's machine.h header file; lsof  is  distributed  with  the  HASPMAPENABLED
         #define  deactivated,  so portmapper reporting is disabled by default and must be requested with
         +M.  Specifying lsof's -h or -?  option will report  the  default  mode.   Disabling  portmapper
         registration when it is already disabled or enabling it when already enabled is acceptable.

         When portmapper registration reporting is enabled, lsof displays the portmapper registration (if
         any) for local TCP, UDP or UDPLITE ports in  square  brackets  immediately  following  the  port
         numbers  or  service  names  -  e.g.,  ``:1234[name]''  or  ``:name[100083]''.  The registration
         information may be a name or number, depending on what the registering program supplied  to  the
         portmapper when it registered the port.

         When  portmapper  registration  reporting  is enabled, lsof may run a little more slowly or even
         become blocked when access  to  the  portmapper  becomes  congested  or  stopped.   Reverse  the
         reporting mode to determine if portmapper registration reporting is slowing or blocking lsof.

         For  purposes  of  portmapper  registration  reporting lsof considers a TCP, UDP or UDPLITE port
         local if: it is found in the local part of its containing kernel structure; or if it is  located
         in  the  foreign  part  of  its  containing  kernel structure and the local and foreign Internet
         addresses are the same; or if it is located  in  the  foreign  part  of  its  containing  kernel
         structure  and  the foreign Internet address is INADDR_LOOPBACK (127.0.0.1).  This rule may make
         lsof ignore some foreign ports on machines with multiple interfaces when  the  foreign  Internet
         address is on a different interface from the local one.

         See  the  lsof  FAQ  (The FAQ section gives its location.)  for further discussion of portmapper
         registration reporting issues.
-n       This option inhibits the conversion  of  network  numbers  to  host  names  for  network  files.
         Inhibiting  conversion may make lsof run faster.  It is also useful when host name lookup is not
         working properly.
-N       This option selects the listing of NFS files.
-o       This option directs lsof to display file offset at all times.  It  causes  the  SIZE/OFF  output
         column title to be changed to OFFSET.  Note: on some UNIX dialects lsof can't obtain accurate or
         consistent file offset information from its kernel data sources, sometimes just  for  particular
         kinds of files (e.g., socket files.)  Consult the lsof FAQ (The FAQ section gives its location.)
         for more information.

         The -o and -s options are mutually exclusive; they can't both be  specified.   When  neither  is
         specified,  lsof displays whatever value - size or offset - is appropriate and available for the
         type of the file.

-o o     This option defines the number of decimal digits (o) to be printed after the ``0t'' for  a  file
         offset before the form is switched to ``0x...''.  An o value of zero (unlimited) directs lsof to
         use the ``0t'' form for all offset output.

         This option does NOT direct lsof to display offset at all times; specify -o (without a  trailing
         number)  to  do  that.   This  option only specifies the number of digits after ``0t'' in either
         mixed size and offset or offset-only output.  Thus, for  example,  to  direct  lsof  to  display
         offset at all times with a decimal digit count of 10, use:

     -o -o 10
or
     -oo10

The  default  number  of digits allowed after ``0t'' is normally 8, but may have been changed by
the lsof builder.  Consult the description of the -o o option in the output  of  the  -h  or  -?
option to determine the default that is in effect.
-O       This  option  directs  lsof to bypass the strategy it uses to avoid being blocked by some kernel
         operations - i.e., doing them in forked child  processes.   See  the  BLOCKS  AND  TIMEOUTS  and
         AVOIDING KERNEL BLOCKS sections for more information on kernel operations that may block lsof.

         While  use of this option will reduce lsof startup overhead, it may also cause lsof to hang when
         the kernel doesn't respond to a function.  Use this option cautiously.
-p s     This option excludes or selects the listing of files for the processes  whose  optional  process
         IDentification  (PID)  numbers are in the comma-separated set s - e.g., ``123'' or ``123,^456''.
         (There should be no spaces in the set.)

         PID numbers that begin with `^' (negation) represent exclusions.

         Multiple process ID numbers are joined in a single ORed set before participating in  AND  option
         selection.   However,  PID exclusions are applied without ORing or ANDing and take effect before
         other selection criteria are applied.
-P       This option inhibits the conversion of port numbers to port names for network files.  Inhibiting
         the  conversion  may  make lsof run a little faster.  It is also useful when port name lookup is
         not working properly.
+|-r [t[m<fmt>]]
         This option puts lsof in repeat mode.  There lsof lists open files as selected by other options,
         delays  t seconds (default fifteen), then repeats the listing, delaying and listing repetitively
         until stopped by a condition defined by the prefix to the option.

         If the prefix is a `-', repeat mode is endless.  Lsof must be terminated with  an  interrupt  or
         quit signal.

         If  the  prefix  is  `+', repeat mode will end the first cycle no open files are listed - and of
         course when lsof is stopped with an interrupt or quit signal.  When repeat mode ends because  no
         files are listed, the process exit code will be zero if any open files were ever listed; one, if
         none were ever listed.

         Lsof marks the end of each listing: if field output is in progress  (the  -F,  option  has  been
         specified), the default marker is `m'; otherwise the default marker is ``========''.  The marker
         is followed by a NL character.

         The optional "m<fmt>" argument specifies a format for the marker  line.   The  <fmt>  characters
         following  `m'  are interpreted as a format specification to the strftime(3) function, when both
         it and the localtime(3) function  are  available  in  the  dialect's  C  library.   Consult  the
         strftime(3) documentation for what may appear in its format specification.  Note that when field
         output is requested with the -F option, <fmt> cannot contain the NL format, ``%n''.   Note  also
         that  when  <fmt>  contains spaces or other characters that affect the shell's interpretation of
         arguments, <fmt> must be quoted appropriately.

         Repeat mode reduces lsof startup overhead, so it is more efficient to use this mode than to call
         lsof repetitively from a shell script, for example.

         To  use  repeat mode most efficiently, accompany +|-r with specification of other lsof selection
         options, so the amount of kernel memory access lsof does will be kept  to  a  minimum.   Options
         that filter at the process level - e.g., -c, -g, -p, -u - are the most efficient selectors.

         Repeat  mode  is  useful  when  coupled with field output (see the -F, option description) and a
         supervising awk or Perl script, or a C program.
-R       This option directs lsof to list the Parent Process IDentification number in the PPID column.
       -s [p:s] s alone directs lsof to display file size at all times.  It causes the  SIZE/OFF  output  column
                title to be changed to SIZE.  If the file does not have a size, nothing is displayed.

                When  followed  by  a  protocol name (p), either TCP or UDP, a colon (`:') and a comma-separated
                protocol state name list, the option causes open TCP and UDP files to be excluded if their state
                name(s)  are in the list (s) preceded by a `^'; or included if their name(s) are not preceded by
                a `^'.

                When an inclusion list is defined, only network files with state  names  in  the  list  will  be
                present  in the lsof output.  Thus, specifying one state name means that only network files with
                that lone state name wil be listed.

                Case is unimportant in the protocol or state names, but there may be no  spaces  and  the  colon
                (`:') separating the protocol name (p) and the state name list (s) is required.

                If  only  TCP  and  UDP  files  are  to be listed, as controlled by the specified exclusions and
                inclusions, the -i option must be specified, too.  If only a single protocol's files are  to  be
                listed, add its name as an argument to the -i option.

                For example, to list only network files with TCP state LISTEN, use:

     -iTCP -sTCP:LISTEN

Or, for example, to list network files with all UDP states except Idle, use:

     -iUDP -sUDP:Idle

State  names  vary  with  UNIX  dialects, so it's not possible to provide a complete list.  Some
common TCP state names are:  CLOSED,  IDLE,  BOUND,  LISTEN,  ESTABLISHED,  SYN_SENT,  SYN_RCDV,
ESTABLISHED,  CLOSE_WAIT,  FIN_WAIT1,  CLOSING, LAST_ACK, FIN_WAIT_2, and TIME_WAIT.  Two common
UDP state names are Unbound and Idle.

See the lsof FAQ (The FAQ section gives its location.)  for  more  information  on  how  to  use
protocol state exclusion and inclusion, including examples.

The -o (without a following decimal digit count) and -s option (without a following protocol and
state name list) are mutually  exclusive;  they  can't  both  be  specified.   When  neither  is
specified,  lsof displays whatever value - size or offset - is appropriate and available for the
type of file.

Since some types of files don't have true sizes - sockets, FIFOs, pipes, etc.  -  lsof  displays
for their sizes the content amounts in their associated kernel buffers, if possible.
-S [t]   This  option  specifies  an  optional  time-out  seconds  value for kernel functions - lstat(2),
         readlink(2), and stat(2) - that might otherwise  deadlock.   The  minimum  for  t  is  two;  the
         default, fifteen; when no value is specified, the default is used.

         See the BLOCKS AND TIMEOUTS section for more information.
-T [t]   This  option  controls  the  reporting of some TCP/TPI information, also reported by netstat(1),
         following the network addresses.  In normal output the information appears in parentheses,  each
         item  except  TCP  or  TPI  state  name identified by a keyword, followed by `=', separated from
         others by a single space:

                     <TCP or TPI state name>
                     QR=<read queue length>
                     QS=<send queue length>
                     SO=<socket options and values>
                     SS=<socket states>
                     TF=<TCP flags and values>
                     WR=<window read length>
                     WW=<window write length>

                Not all values are reported for all UNIX dialects.  Items values (when available)  are  reported
                after the item name and '='.

                When the field output mode is in effect (See OUTPUT FOR OTHER PROGRAMS.)  each item appears as a
                field with a `T' leading character.

                -T with no following key characters disables TCP/TPI information reporting.

                -T with following characters selects the reporting of specific TCP/TPI information:

                     f    selects reporting of socket options,
                          states and values, and TCP flags and
                          values.
                     q    selects queue length reporting.
                     s    selects connection state reporting.
                     w    selects window size reporting.

                Not all selections are enabled for some UNIX dialects.  State may be selected for  all  dialects
                and  is  reported  by  default.   The  -h  or  -?   help output for the -T option will show what
                selections may be used with the UNIX dialect.

                When -T is used to select information - i.e., it is followed by one or more selection characters
                -  the  displaying  of state is disabled by default, and it must be explicitly selected again in
                the characters following -T.  (In effect, then, the default is equivalent to -Ts.)  For example,
                if queue lengths and state are desired, use -Tqs.

                Socket  options,  socket states, some socket values, TCP flags and one TCP value may be reported
                (when available in the UNIX dialect) in the form of the names that commonly  appear  after  SO_,
                so_,   SS_,  TCP_   and  TF_  in  the  dialect's  header  files  -  most  often  <sys/socket.h>,
                <sys/socketvar.h> and <netinet/tcp_var.h>.  Consult those header files for the  meaning  of  the
                flags, options, states and values.

                ``SO=''  precedes  socket options and values; ``SS='', socket states; and ``TF='', TCP flags and
                values.

                If a flag or option has  a  value,  the  value  will  follow  an  '='  and  the  name  --  e.g.,
                ``SO=LINGER=5'', ``SO=QLIM=5'', ``TF=MSS=512''.  The following seven values may be reported:

                     Name
                     Reported  Description (Common Symbol)

                     KEEPALIVE keep alive time (SO_KEEPALIVE)
                     LINGER    linger time (SO_LINGER)
                     MSS       maximum segment size (TCP_MAXSEG)
                     PQLEN     partial listen queue connections
                     QLEN      established listen queue connections
                     QLIM      established listen queue limit
                     RCVBUF    receive buffer length (SO_RCVBUF)
                     SNDBUF    send buffer length (SO_SNDBUF)

                Details  on  what  socket  options  and  values,  socket states, and TCP flags and values may be
                displayed for particular UNIX dialects may be found in the answer  to  the  ``Why  doesn't  lsof
                report  socket  options,  socket  states,  and  TCP flags and values for my dialect?'' and ``Why
                doesn't lsof report the partial listen queue connection count for my  dialect?''   questions  in
                the lsof FAQ (The FAQ section gives its location.)
-t       This option specifies that lsof should produce terse output with process identifiers only and no
         header - e.g., so that the output may be piped to kill(1).  This option selects the -w option.
-u s     This option selects the listing of files for the user whose login names or user ID  numbers  are
         in  the  comma-separated  set s - e.g., ``abe'', or ``548,root''.  (There should be no spaces in
         the set.)

         Multiple login names or user ID numbers are joined in a single ORed set before participating  in
         AND option selection.

         If  a  login  name  or  user  ID  is  preceded  by a `^', it becomes a negation - i.e., files of
         processes owned by the login name or user ID will never be listed.  A negated login name or user
         ID  selection  is  neither  ANDed nor ORed with other selections; it is applied before all other
         selections and absolutely excludes the listing of the files of the  process.   For  example,  to
         direct  lsof to exclude the listing of files belonging to root processes, specify ``-u^root'' or
         ``-u^0''.
-U       This option selects the listing of UNIX domain socket files.
-v       This option selects the listing of lsof version information, including:  revision  number;  when
         the  lsof binary was constructed; who constructed the binary and where; the name of the compiler
         used to construct the lsof binary; the version number of the compiler  when  readily  available;
         the  compiler  and  loader  flags  used  to  construct  the lsof binary; and system information,
         typically the output of uname's -a option.
-V       This option directs lsof to indicate the items it was asked to list and failed to find - command
         names, file names, Internet addresses or files, login names, NFS files, PIDs, PGIDs, and UIDs.

                When  other options are ANDed to search options, or compile-time options restrict the listing of
                some files, lsof may not report that it failed to find a search item when  an  ANDed  option  or
                compile-time option prevents the listing of the open file containing the located search item.

                For example, ``lsof -V -iTCP@foobar -a -d 999'' may not report a failure to locate open files at
                ``TCP@foobar'' and may not list any, if none have a file descriptor number of  999.   A  similar
                situation  arises  when  HASSECURITY  and HASNOSOCKSECURITY are defined at compile time and they
                prevent the listing of open files.
+|-w     Enables (+) or disables (-) the suppression of warning messages.

         The lsof builder may choose to have warning  messages  disabled  or  enabled  by  default.   The
         default  warning  message  state  is indicated in the output of the -h or -?  option.  Disabling
         warning messages when they are already  disabled  or  enabling  them  when  already  enabled  is
         acceptable.

         The -t option selects the -w option.
-x  [fl] This  option  may  accompany  the  +d  and  +D  options to direct their processing to cross over
         symbolic links and|or file system mount points encountered when scanning the directory  (+d)  or
         directory tree (+D).

         If  -x  is  specified  by  itself  without  a following parameter, cross-over processing of both
         symbolic links and file system mount points is enabled.  Note that when -x is specified  without
         a parameter, the next argument must begin with '-' or '+'.

         The  optional 'f' parameter enables file system mount point cross-over processing; 'l', symbolic
         link cross-over processing.

         The -x option may not be supplied without also supplying a +d or +D option.
-X       This is a dialect-specific option.

           AIX:
                This IBM AIX RISC/System 6000 option requests the reporting of executed  text  file  and  shared
                library references.

                WARNING:  because  this  option  uses  the kernel readx() function, its use on a busy AIX system
                might cause an application process to hang so completely that  it  can  neither  be  killed  nor
                stopped.  I have never seen this happen or had a report of its happening, but I think there is a
                remote possibility it could happen.

                By default use of readx() is disabled.  On AIX 5L and above lsof may need setuid-root permission
                to perform the actions this option requests.

                The  lsof  builder  may  specify that the -X option be restricted to processes whose real UID is
                root.  If that has been done, the -X option will not appear in the -h or -?  help output  unless
                the  real  UID  of  the  lsof  process is root.  The default lsof distribution allows any UID to
                specify -X, so by default it will appear in the help output.

                When AIX readx() use is disabled, lsof may not be able to report information for  all  text  and
                loader file references, but it may also avoid exacerbating an AIX kernel directory search kernel
                error, known as the Stale Segment ID bug.

                The readx() function, used by lsof or any other  program  to  access  some  sections  of  kernel
                virtual  memory,  can  trigger the Stale Segment ID bug.  It can cause the kernel's dir_search()
                function to believe erroneously that part of an in-memory copy of a file  system  directory  has
                been  zeroed.   Another application process, distinct from lsof, asking the kernel to search the
                directory - e.g., by using open(2) - can cause dir_search() to loop forever,  thus  hanging  the
                application process.

                Consult  the  lsof  FAQ (The FAQ section gives its location.)  and the 00README file of the lsof
                distribution for a more complete description of the Stale Segment ID bug, its APAR, and  methods
                for defining readx() use when compiling lsof.

           Linux:
                This  Linux option requests that lsof skip the reporting of information on all open TCP, UDP and
                UDPLITE IPv4 and IPv6 files.

                This Linux option is most useful when the system has an extremely large number of open TCP,  UDP
                and  UDPLITE files, the processing of whose information in the /proc/net/tcp* and /proc/net/udp*
                files would take lsof a long time, and whose reporting is not of interest.

                Use this option with care and only when you are sure that  the  information  you  want  lsof  to
                display isn't associated with open TCP, UDP or UDPLITE socket files.

           Solaris 10 and above:
                This Solaris 10 and above option requests the reporting of cached paths for files that have been
                deleted - i.e., removed with rm(1) or unlink(2).

                The cached path is followed by the string `` (deleted)'' to indicate that the path by which  the
                file was opened has been deleted.

                Because  intervening  changes made to the path - i.e., renames with mv(1) or rename(2) - are not
                recorded in the cached path, what lsof reports is only the path by which the  file  was  opened,
                not its possibly different final path.
-z [z]   specifies how Solaris 10 and higher zone information is to be handled.

         Without  a  following  argument  -  e.g.,  NO z - the option specifies that zone names are to be
         listed in the ZONE output column.

         The -z option may be followed by a zone name, z.  That causes lsof to list only open  files  for
         processes in that zone.  Multiple -z z option and argument pairs may be specified to form a list
         of named zones.  Any open file of any process in any of the zones will  be  listed,  subject  to
         other conditions specified by other options and arguments.
-Z [Z]   specifies  how  SELinux  security  contexts are to be handled.  This option and 'Z' field output
         character support are inhibited when SELinux is disabled  in  the  running  Linux  kernel.   See
         OUTPUT FOR OTHER PROGRAMS for more information on the 'Z' field output character.

         Without  a  following argument - e.g., NO Z - the option specifies that security contexts are to
         be listed in the SECURITY-CONTEXT output column.

         The -Z option may be followed by a wildcard security context name, Z.  That causes lsof to  list
         only open files for processes in that security context.  Multiple -Z Z option and argument pairs
         may be specified to form a list of security contexts.  Any open file of any process  in  any  of
         the security contexts will be listed, subject to other conditions specified by other options and
         arguments.  Note that Z can be A:B:C or *:B:C or A:B:* or  *:*:C  to  match  against  the  A:B:C
         context.
--       The  double  minus sign option is a marker that signals the end of the keyed options.  It may be
         used, for example, when the first file name begins with a minus sign.  It may also be used  when
         the  absence  of  a value for the last keyed option must be signified by the presence of a minus
         sign in the following option and before the start of the file names.
names    These are path names of specific files to list.  Symbolic links are resolved  before  use.   The
         first name may be separated from the preceding options with the ``--'' option.

         If  a  name  is the mounted-on directory of a file system or the device of the file system, lsof
         will list all the files open on the file system.  To be considered a file system, the name  must
         match  a  mounted-on  directory  name  in  mount(8)  output, or match the name of a block device
         associated with a mounted-on directory name.  The +|-f option may  be  used  to  force  lsof  to
         consider a name a file system identifier (+f) or a simple file (-f).

         If  name is a path to a directory that is not the mounted-on directory name of a file system, it
         is treated just as a regular file is treated - i.e., its listing is restricted to processes that
         have  it  open as a file or as a process-specific directory, such as the root or current working
         directory.  To request that lsof look for open files inside a directory name, use the +d  s  and
         +D D options.

         If  a  name  is  the base name of a family of multiplexed files - e. g, AIX's /dev/pt[cs] - lsof
         will  list  all  the  associated  multiplexed  files  on  the  device  that  are  open  -  e.g.,
         /dev/pt[cs]/1, /dev/pt[cs]/2, etc.

         If a name is a UNIX domain socket name, lsof will usually search for it by the characters of the
         name alone - exactly as it is specified and is recorded in the kernel  socket  structure.   (See
         the next paragraph for an exception to that rule for Linux.)  Specifying a relative path - e.g.,
         ./file - in place of the file's absolute path - e.g., /tmp/file - won't work because  lsof  must
         match the characters you specify with what it finds in the kernel UNIX domain socket structures.

         If  a  name is a Linux UNIX domain socket name, in one case lsof is able to search for it by its
         device and inode number, allowing name to be a  relative  path.   The  case  requires  that  the
         absolute  path -- i.e., one beginning with a slash ('/') be used by the process that created the
         socket, and hence be stored in the /proc/net/unix file; and it requires that  lsof  be  able  to
         obtain  the  device  and  node  numbers of both the absolute path in /proc/net/unix and name via
         successful stat(2) system calls.  When those conditions are met, lsof will be able to search for
         the  UNIX domain socket when some path to it is is specified in name.  Thus, for example, if the
         path is /dev/log, and an lsof search is initiated when the working directory is /dev, then  name
         could be ./log.

         If  a name is none of the above, lsof will list any open files whose device and inode match that
         of the specified path name.

         If you have also specified the -b option, the only names you may safely specify are file systems
         for  which  your  mount table supplies alternate device numbers.  See the AVOIDING KERNEL BLOCKS
         and ALTERNATE DEVICE NUMBERS sections for more information.

         Multiple file names are joined  in  a  single  ORed  set  before  participating  in  AND  option
         selection.